{"componentChunkName":"component---common-build-tags-template-js","path":"/tag/science-and-research/2","result":{"data":{"allArticle":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"Article_2761-markdown","title":"Exploring Mind-Bending Psychedelics: Psilocybin & LSD","slug":"exploring-mind-bending-psychedelics-psilocybin-and-lsd","content":"As cannabis continues to enter the mainstream, it’s only natural that we begin to turn our attention to other stigmatized substances that could hold medical benefits—we’re talking, of course, about psychedelics.\n\nRecently, small clinical trials in humans have shown the efficacy of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and psilocybin, the psychoactive component of magic mushrooms, in treating conditions like depression and anxiety. These studies have renewed public interest in these substances—as have shows like _Silicon Valley_, which has made reference to microdosing psilocybin for therapeutic purposes.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### What Are Psychedelics?\n\nYou might be tempted to lump cannabis, LSD and psilocybin into the same category. They all alter your mind after all. However, [LSD and psilocybin are deemed psychedelics](http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/68/2/264) in the pharmacological sense, because they act on a specific place in your cells: serotonin receptor 5-HT2. Cannabis, as you may know, acts on the CB1 and CB2 receptors of the endocannabinoid system. \n\nRELATED: [WHAT IS THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM?](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5751cbd970410e000b00003a/what-is-the-endocannabinoid-system)\n\nStudies suggest that it’s the activation of 5-HT2 by serotonin that leads to the psychedelic experience that LSD and psilocybin are responsible for—commonly known as tripping. Serotonin is a chemical that relays messages between cells. While we still don’t fully understand the role it plays in the body, research indicates that serotonin influences mood, social behaviors and appetite, among other life processes. Low serotonin levels are also associated with depression. \n\nThough psilocybin and LSD are structurally different, they have effects that are characteristic of other psychedelics, like mescaline and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Psilocybin and LSD can both lead to ego dissolution, or rather, a loss of your self-identity. While there aren’t any studies of this type on mescaline and DMT, both psilocybin and DMT are known to cause increased blood flow to the brain, forming connections between brain regions that don’t normally interact.\n\n### Psilocybin Has Its Roots in Aztec Religion & Rituals \n\nIndigenous cultures in the Americas have a long history of psilocybin use as the substance occurs in many different types of mushrooms. For example, [in Aztec society, mushrooms were part of religious rituals](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173580814001527). \n\nIt was only in 1955 that the Western world was widely introduced to this substance, via Gordon Wasson, an author and amateur ethnomycologist who encountered the drug in Mexico. Gordon published a photo essay about his experience with magic mushrooms in _Life_ magazine. With this essay’s circulation, these mushrooms were widely adopted by the hippie counterculture movement. This adoption, along with the poor understanding of psilocybin’s effects, led to its eventual strict categorization by the U.S. DEA as a Schedule I substance. \n\nIn spite of this scheduling, in recent years [a number of small clinical trials have shown that psilocybin may have myriad health benefits](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2017.1320734). So far, it appears psilocybin may help with:\n\n* Nicotine addiction\n* Alcohol addiction\n* Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)\n* Anxiety \n* Depression\n\nWhile these studies were small and consisted entirely of people who were open to this type of treatment, they’re still encouraging and offer insight into how we may treat these types of conditions in the future.\n\n### Psilocybin May Bring About a Kind of “Inverse PTSD” \n\nBy dissolving the ego, it seems as though psilocybin offers people an alternate view of reality. It allows them to view the world from a universal perspective, instead of an individual, self-centered one. And this self-surrendering may hold therapeutic potential. \n\nAdditionally, this shift in perspective, towards a more positive outlook isn’t temporary: In studies involving cancer patients with anxiety, [those who took psilocybin reported feeling calmer immediately afterward, and they also reported the same feelings six months later](http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269881116675513). \n\n“[The moment [the patients] get psilocybin, their distress comes down](https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/12/the-life-changing-magic-of-mushrooms/509246/),” says Stephen Ross, the lead author of the study, in _The Atlantic_. “That’s very new in psychiatry, to have a medication that works immediately for depression and anxiety and can last for that long.”\n\nThough the research on psilocybin is promising, scientists still don’t understand what exactly is going on in the brain, though they do have some guesses. Psilocybin may modulate the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in the brain, which are responsible for things like:\n* Social behavior\n* Decision making\n* Emotional responses  \n\nStephen says that what may be happening is a kind of “inverse PTSD”—a positive memory that deeply affects trial participants for months afterward, in contrast to a severely traumatic one. \n\n### LSD Resets the Brain\n\nUnlike psilocybin, LSD is a human creation. It was first made in 1938; its psychedelic properties were discovered in 1943, and it was actually used as a psychiatric medicine in 1947. \n\nIn the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency began experiments to see if it could be useful for mind control or chemical warfare, testing it on unsuspecting servicemen and students. Much like psilocybin, LSD gained popularity in the hippie counterculture movement of the 1960s, resulting in its eventual listing as a Schedule 1 substance.  \n\nBefore LSD was outlawed, many studies on its effects took place. So far, studies have suggested that LSD has many of the same benefits as psilocybin: It may [help with alcohol and nicotine addiction, as well as with depression and anxiety](http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2045125316638008). \n\nCurrently, some [young professionals have caught on to this and have begun microdosing LSD](http://www.wired.co.uk/article/lsd-microdosing-drugs-silicon-valley). Though there’s no solid research on microdosing, there are numerous successful accounts from folks who’ve used this method to combat anxiety and depression. \n\nRecent research on LSD has used modern neuroimaging techniques to view subjects’ brains while on the drug. A 2016 study conducted at Imperial College London found that [LSD causes regions of the brain that don’t normally connect to signal to each other](http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/04/05/1518377113). Additionally, those that usually do connect become segregated. \n\nTypically, the brain performs functions such as seeing, moving and hearing via independent networks. But under LSD, these separate networks dissolve, and the result is a more integrated brain, explains Robin Carhart-Harris, one of the lead authors of the study.\n\nIt’s possible that LSD, much like psilocybin, forces the brain to construct new networks, and that this rewiring somehow resets the brain and helps people overcome trauma. \n\n### Guides Are Essential in Psychedelic Therapy \n\nNow don’t go rushing off to try LSD or psilocybin just yet. Besides being illegal and hard to obtain, in the studies mentioned, participants often had a trained professional, or guide, alongside them. \n\n“We call it psychedelic therapy, but we really should call it psychedelic assisted psychotherapy,” says author Michael Pollan, who gave a talk in San Francisco to promote his new book on the topic called [_How to Change Your Mind_](https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/529343/how-to-change-your-mind-by-michael-pollan/9781594204227/).\n\nAccording to Michael, in many of these trials, researchers try to play down the role of the guide. However, in indigenous cultures where psychedelics are an important part of religious ceremonies and rites of passage, guides are central to the experience. Also, in these rituals, psychedelics are often used in a carefully designed context, and they’re never used alone. \n\n“These drugs are so powerfully affected by set and setting that it’s only in the company of somebody you really trust, who knows the territory, that someone can surrender to the experience in a way that it can make it productive,” says Michael, who’s interviewed many folks who’ve gone through psychedelic therapy. \n\n“It's really a package that's being tested, and that's weird for the [pharmaceutical] industry or even the medical system,” he adds. \n\nMichael’s right: In addition to needing guides, this form of therapy doesn’t fit into the current pharmacological model. \n\n “Psychedelic therapy is a one time, or a two time or maybe a three-time thing,” he says.  “It's not a pill you take every day and [pharmaceutical companies] are in the business of selling pills people have to take every day, like SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) or antidepressants.”\n\nWhile these drugs are showing promise, it’s clear that there are many hurdles to overcome before these types of therapies are available to the public in the U.S. \n\nPhoto credit: [Chris Arock](https://unsplash.com/@dcarock)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3605442176870748,"src":"/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/14b42/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.jpg","srcSet":"/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/f836f/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.jpg 200w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/2244e/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.jpg 400w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/14b42/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.jpg 800w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/47498/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.jpg 1200w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/0e329/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.jpg 1600w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/5775e/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.jpg 3647w","srcWebp":"/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/58556/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/61e93/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.webp 200w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/1f5c5/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.webp 400w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/58556/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.webp 800w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/99238/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.webp 1200w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/7c22d/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.webp 1600w,\n/static/a3ea18aeba0404daf19a2b7eb6922c98/4e6e9/82fc9218479928e600e4822f82644231.webp 3647w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2743-markdown","title":"Is Getting a Contact High From Cannabis Smoke a Myth?","slug":"is-getting-a-contact-high-from-cannabis-smoke-a-myth","content":"Twenty years ago, Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati made headlines at the Winter Olympics when he won the first gold medal in his sport. But he [lost his medal the same day for testing positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a post-competition drug test](https://www.skiinghistory.org/news/2018-winter-olympics-ross-rebagliati-20-years-later). Ross insisted he hadn’t consumed marijuana, and that he’d just spent time with friends who had. He said that his positive test was the result of a contact high—being too close to his friends when they smoked marijuana.\n\nSince cannabis wasn’t actually on the list of banned substances, the Olympic committee reinstated Ross’ gold medal the following day. But the question still lingers: Is it possible to experience a contact high from being around cannabis smoke, even if you never took a puff yourself?   \n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\nThe possibility of the contact high is one of the most enduring beliefs about marijuana. For years, people have reported feeling high after a night spent with smoking friends, or like Ross, blaming a failed drug test on the effects of secondhand smoke. Antidrug campaigns have also cited it as another way marijuana can be harmful.  \n\nOn the other hand, the contact high has been called a complete myth. Many say that no one can get high or experience any other effects from secondhand cannabis smoke. The reality is somewhere in between—and it also depends on the definition of what a contact high actually is. \n\nSome people, under certain circumstances, can have traces of THC in their system after spending time around smokers, but those traces disappear very quickly. And even if contact high isn’t a myth, it also isn’t much of a high either.\n\n### Can Secondhand Cannabis Smoke Get You High?\n\nThe dangers of secondhand cigarette smoke have been well documented in study after study. But until relatively recently, not much research has been devoted to studying the effects of secondhand marijuana smoke. But as cannabis moves ever further into the mainstream, a number of studies are taking a closer look at the many myths and beliefs—such as the contact high—from the counterculture days that surround this legendary plant. \n\nTo see what happens when a nonsmoker spends time around cannabis smokers, researchers in various institutions around the world have examined samples of blood, urine and saliva from volunteers who inhaled secondhand cannabis smoke under various circumstances, such as simply [sitting in a coffee shop where several people were smoking marijuana](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20465865). Other experiments were conducted in the open air, and still others looked at volunteers [spending time in an environment where smoke was highly concentrated, also known as “hotboxing.”](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16419389)\n\nIn the hotboxing studies, researchers put volunteers in a closed car or a sealed room with smokers consuming a lot of marijuana. Even in these close quarters without ventilation, only traces of THC were detected in the systems of some of the nonsmokers; none reported feeling high.\n\n### Study Results & How Both Sides of the Marijuana Debate Use Them\n\nIn blood, saliva and urine testing, [some of the participants in these studies showed trace amounts of THC and its derivatives THC-OH and THC-COOH](https://www.medicaldaily.com/scientists-test-secondhand-smoke-effects-marijuana-find-contact-high-real-333620) in their systems immediately after being exposed to secondhand smoke.\n\nThese amounts of THC were well under the limits established by the government (50 nanograms per milliliter) and disappeared within one to three hours after exposure. The THC derivatives   THC-OH and THC-COOH are metabolized more slowly and can linger in the body longer than THC itself can, so traces of these chemicals could be present for up to 14 hours. But even these weren’t enough to cause psychoactive effects.\n\nBoth sides in the cannabis debate—advocates and anti-drug campaigners—have seized on this research to support their own positions on cannabis safety and benefits. Cannabis advocates use it to point out that contact high is really a myth, because the amounts of THC that enter the system from secondhand smoke are too small to make someone high.\n\nOn the other side, antidrug campaigns use the data to show that even being around a cannabis smoker can affect nonsmokers. But researchers point out that just as it’s not likely that someone would get high from secondhand smoke, it’s unlikely that they might fail a drug test with such minimal amounts of THC in their system.\n\nWhat about all of the people who report feeling high—relaxed, happy, prone to hunger—when they’re around cannabis smokers? It’s likely a psychological effect, say scientists. When you’re around people behaving in a certain way, you take on some of their behaviors yourself. For example, in the company of relaxed, high-spirited smokers, you may feel that way too, even if you weren’t smoking.\n\n### Secondhand Marijuana Smoke Has Other Effects\n\nEven if the contact high doesn’t really make someone feel high, [cannabis smoke can affect nearby nonsmokers in other potentially harmful ways](https://no-smoke.org/secondhand-marijuana-smoke-fact-sheet/). It’s been shown that cannabis smoke doesn’t affect the body in the same way that tobacco smoke does, because it lacks the tar and nicotine contained in cigarettes. Another reason for the difference is that cannabinoids in cannabis provide a number of beneficial effects.  \n\nRELATED: [CANNABINOIDS: CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS WITH HUGE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/55da2ff26430380006690000/cannabinoids-chemical-compounds-with-huge-therapeutic-potential)\n\nBut no matter what you smoke, [combustion—the process that burns tobacco, cannabis and any other material—generates harmful byproducts and toxins](https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/19/592873218/are-there-risks-from-secondhand-marijuana-smoke-early-science-says-yes). These byproducts can damage the lungs, circulatory system and tissues.\n\nFor years, health experts have warned about the dangers of secondhand tobacco smoke. A large body of research has linked cigarette smoking to lung cancer and other illnesses.\n\nAnd although there’s not much comparable research on cannabis, some recent studies indicate that cannabis smoke could have harmful effects on bystanders for the same reason: the byproducts of combustion. Cannabis can also contain mold and bacteria not found in cigarettes, which could expose both smokers and nonsmokers nearby to still more toxins. \n\n### What About Secondhand Smoke From Vaping & Dabbing Cannabis?\n\nVaping cannabis has become popular as an alternative to smoking that can eliminate the toxins from combustion altogether. This also means cannabis vapor may pose less of a danger when inhaled secondhand. And although research on secondhand cannabis smoke hasn’t really examined vaping, this method of delivery may be even less likely than smoking to create a contact high in nonsmokers. [Vaping has its own hazards](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5b0326f6bf4c4d000a0e7389/how-to-vape-marijuana-safely) though, such as heavy metal toxins leaking from a vape pen battery or questionable ingredients in cannabis oils. \n\nDabbing is another alternative to smoking that delivers a concentrated form of cannabis when heated to high temperatures. Though research specifically on dabbing hasn’t explored the question of a contact high, some studies have shown that dabbing at very high temperatures can create toxins and carcinogens that can enter the lungs and respiratory system.\n\nAs medical cannabis moves into the mainstream, a growing number of studies are working to separate the myths surrounding it from the realities that can help people make informed decisions about it. The contact high is one of those longstanding myths. And now, recent research suggests that for most people in most normal circumstances, getting high from secondhand cannabis really is just that: a myth.\n\nPhoto credit: [Brian Beckwith](https://unsplash.com/@brianbeckwith)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.\n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3888888888888888,"src":"/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/14b42/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.jpg","srcSet":"/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/f836f/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.jpg 200w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/2244e/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.jpg 400w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/14b42/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.jpg 800w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/47498/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.jpg 1200w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/0e329/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.jpg 1600w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/43576/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.jpg 3653w","srcWebp":"/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/58556/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/61e93/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.webp 200w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/1f5c5/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.webp 400w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/58556/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.webp 800w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/99238/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.webp 1200w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/7c22d/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.webp 1600w,\n/static/ca8c8bc7963410a177664eb46e94532c/35449/1992b88ec5859b451d5b0e6d430bb825.webp 3653w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2739-markdown","title":"How Cannabis Can Keep You Healthy Via Your Gut Microbiome","slug":"how-cannabis-can-keep-you-healthy-via-your-gut-microbiome","content":"Since the early 2000s, our knowledge on the gut microbiome has soared: We now know that microbes in our digestive system can influence our immune response, metabolism and even our mental health. \n\nGiven that our gut health seems to be interconnected with many systems in our body, it makes sense that the endocannabinoid system (ECS)—and the components that work on it, like cannabis—can affect our gut microbiome as well.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### The Connection Between the Endocannabinoid System & the Gut Microbiome \n\nThe network of receptors in our body that make up the ECS plays a key role in a number of life processes like eating, sleeping and handling stress. Cannabinoids, like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), found in cannabis act on this system to produce therapeutic effects such as pain and stress relief. Our bodies also make cannabinoids that attach to this system; they’re known as endogenous cannabinoids, or endocannabinoids, and the two that are most studied are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG). \n\nBoth cannabinoids from cannabis and those made by our bodies, attach to receptors in the endocannabinoid system. The two receptors that are the most well-studied and prevalent are CB1 and CB2. \n\nStudies show that [microorganisms in the gut can control levels of endocannabinoids by influencing different parts of the endocannabinoid system](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678807), including the CB1 receptor, and the enzymes that breakdown AEA and 2AG. \n\nChanges in the gut microbiome via high-fat diets, prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics can also alter the endocannabinoid system in various ways—for example, by changing how CB1 and CB2 receptors are expressed, or altering endocannabinoid levels. \n\nRELATED: [MARIJUANA, GUT HEALTH AND THE BRAIN](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/59c96bc5e79bb936e12ce02e/marijuana-gut-health-and-the-brain)\n\nIt’s apparent that the gut microbiome and the endocannabinoid system are linked in some way, though more research needs to be done to figure out exactly how—and studies are already underway. \n\n### THC Prevents Weight Gain & Negative Changes in Gut Microbiota \n\nTo further explore how the endocannabinoid system and the gut microbiome are interconnected, scientists are studying cannabis’s effect on mice. \n\nA 2015 study by researchers in Canada set out to find [how diet combined with daily administration of THC would affect the weight and gut microbiota of mice](http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0144270). Researchers gave mice either a lean or high-fat diet, along with THC or a placebo daily for a total of six weeks. \n\nAt the end of the study, they found that mice fed a high-fat diet without THC gained up to 4 g of weight—that’s a lot for a tiny mouse: about a 20% increase in body mass. Meanwhile, the mice on the high-fat diet with THC didn’t gain any weight on average. The mice on the lean diet didn’t gain any weight either—regardless of whether they consumed THC. \n\nThe researchers also looked at gut microbiota in the mice. Scientists already know that [obese and diabetic mice have different microbiota compositions](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664638) than their healthy counterparts do—the former tend to have higher levels of bad, or harmful, bacteria in their system relative to good bacteria. This imbalance is in turn associated with how the body metabolizes fats. A higher ratio of bad bacteria can activate enzymes that encourage the storage of fat in fat cells, thereby causing weight gain. \n\nIn the mice fed a high-fat diet with THC, the imbalance—more bad vs. good bacteria—was prevented, though the reasons why are still a mystery. \n\nIn another interesting twist, mice on the high-fat diet with THC also had increased levels of a prebiotic called _Akkermansia muciniphila_ in their guts than the mice on other regimens did—even the ones fed a lean diet. In other studies, [the addition of _Akkermansia muciniphila_ in mice led to an increase in CB2 receptors](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671105). These receptors help control inflammation in the body. The prebiotic also limits the amount of fat that mice gain and improves how fat is metabolized. \n\nWhile we don’t exactly know how the endocannabinoid system and our individual gut microbiotas interact, it’s clear that there’s a connection, and that this connection could play a role in how we treat obesity, diabetes and likely many other conditions.  \n\nPhoto credit: [Warren Wong](https://unsplash.com/@wflwong)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.  \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3605442176870748,"src":"/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/14b42/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg","srcSet":"/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/f836f/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 200w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/2244e/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 400w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/14b42/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 800w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/47498/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 1200w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/0e329/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 1600w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/a26ee/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 3734w","srcWebp":"/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/58556/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/61e93/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 200w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/1f5c5/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 400w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/58556/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 800w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/99238/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 1200w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/7c22d/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 1600w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/20abc/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 3734w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2731-markdown","title":"Studies Find Cannabis Can Protect Drinkers’ Livers","slug":"studies-find-cannabis-can-protect-drinkers-livers","content":"Cannabis and alcohol are the two most popular recreational substances around, so it’s not unusual to see the two consumed together. Still, news about [the way that cannabis and alcohol interact with each other](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/58e7bbf32fdeaf51a1a08384/mixing-marijuana-and-alcohol) has led many to advise against combining them. In fact, in California it’s now explicitly illegal to sell products that contain cannabis and alcohol together. \n\nBut new research is making experts think twice about banning this common combination. Scientists now believe that cannabis could have one very important effect when used with alcohol: preventing alcoholic liver disease (ALD).  If enjoying a beer or cocktail is already part of your regular relaxation routine, adding cannabis just might help save you from the effects of ALD. \n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### What Is Alcoholic Liver Disease?\n\n[ALD is a condition caused by excessive drinking for long periods of time](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/215638.php). When alcohol is consumed it can have a damaging effect on the liver including increasing liver inflammation, building up fats in the organ and even scarring the liver. Over time, this can lead to increasingly serious damage and eventually death. \n\nThis tragic and preventable condition takes almost 20,000 lives a year in the U.S. alone and is the third-most common cause of liver transplants. \n\nALD is classified by four stages: \n\n1. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (steatosis): This is when fat deposits start to build up in the liver. It can happen in as little as a week and is usually reversible with alcohol abstinence.  \n2. Alcoholic hepatitis (steatohepatitis): After many years of heavy drinking, the liver becomes chronically inflamed. This is also often reversible by abstaining from alcohol. \n3. Fibrosis: This stage is characterized by a buildup of certain proteins in the liver. It may be reversible if mild to moderate. \n4. Cirrhosis: When the liver is inflamed for long periods of time, loss of function and scarring occur. This damage is irreversible and life-threatening. \n\nAdditionally, these stages of ALD put drinkers at high risk for liver cancer.\n\n### Research Shows Cannabis Can Help Prevent ALD\n\nIn a surprising twist, it turns out that the disease caused by one popular recreational substance may be prevented by another. \n\nResearchers were curious about cannabis and alcohol’s combined effect on the liver since it hadn’t been studied in depth. With increasing numbers turning to this combination, it was important to make sure cannabis wasn’t compounding alcohol’s negative effects. After all, many recreational substances seem to put stress on the liver. \n \nBut what researchers found was just the opposite. Users with the highest levels of cannabis use had much lower rates of ALD. \n\nIn one study, [researchers looked at the four stages of ALD and liver cancer among 320,000 individuals with alcohol use disorder](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/liv.13696). They analyzed the data to see whether cannabis use had any effect on the different stages of ALD. And they found that cannabis consumers had significantly lower rates of ALD at all stages of the disease. \n\nSpecifically, alcohol drinkers who also consumed cannabis had the following reductions in ALD stages:\n\n* 45% reduction in steatosis, or alcoholic fatty liver disease \n* 40% reduction in steatohepatitis, or alcoholic hepatitis \n* 55% reduction in alcoholic cirrhosis and fibrosis\n* 75% reduction in hepatocellular carcinoma, or liver cancer\n\nWhile any cannabis use seemed to play a protective role for the liver, those categorized as dependent cannabis users (those who consumed it the most) had the lowest rates of ALD. This suggests that more cannabis is better when it comes to protecting the liver from the deadly long-term effects of alcohol. \n\nThese results add to conclusions from a previous study, which found that [the cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) use was tied to lower levels of ALD](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398069). This new research seems to suggest that cannabis in general, as well as CBD alone, is effective at reducing ALD. \n\nAnother important study shows that [cannabis consumption is tied to lower levels of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5648282/) as well. So, cannabis may protect our livers in general, not just when drinking alcohol. \n\nStill, since drinkers are at high risk for liver disease, they’re an especially vulnerable population that could benefit from adding cannabis into their routine. Switching out alcohol use for cannabis consumption is healthier for the liver, given what we know from the research. But if drinking is unavoidable, adding in cannabis could really help, too. \n\n### How Cannabis Helps Reduce ALD\n\nThere are many reasons why cannabis has such an incredible effect on the liver. But one of the main ways is through [cannabis’s anti-inflammatory properties](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/55a3f31338323000062f0000/medical-marijuana-as-an-aid-against-inflammation). Much of the damage sustained by the liver during the progress of ALD is a result of the long- term inflammation and swelling caused by alcohol consumption. \n\nRELATED: [CAN CANNABIS BE A HEALTHIER SUBSTITUTE FOR ALCOHOL?](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5a6630a88425e40008273a34/can-cannabis-be-a-healthier-substitute-for-alcohol)\n\nCannabis is known to calm inflammation, reduce swelling and lessen the damage inflammation causes. Those consuming both alcohol and cannabis are, in a way, canceling out one with the other. Alcohol increases inflammation, but then cannabis brings it back down. While this isn’t a foolproof method (remember that many alcoholics who consume cannabis will still get ALD), it definitely lowers the risks. \n\nOther researchers say that [cannabis helps by preventing the oxidative stress caused by alcohol](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398069). Alcohol can also weaken the body’s natural ability for autophagy—the process by which damaged or redundant cellular components are destroyed. Cannabis seems to increase autophagy, which may help the liver repair itself. \n\nIf you’re interested in consuming cannabis to help prevent or treat ALD, the best first step is to talk to a doctor with cannabis expertise. Your doctor can help go over your current conditions, and let you know what cannabis options are best suited to you.\n\nNeed to find a cannabis doctor? You can [video-chat with HelloMD’s knowledgeable doctors](https://www.hellomd.com/talk-to-doctor) today, from the comfort and privacy of your own home.  \n\nPhoto credit: [Toa Heftiba](https://unsplash.com/@heftiba)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online. \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3793103448275863,"src":"/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/14b42/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.jpg","srcSet":"/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/f836f/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.jpg 200w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/2244e/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.jpg 400w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/14b42/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.jpg 800w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/47498/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.jpg 1200w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/0e329/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.jpg 1600w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/b85df/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.jpg 3500w","srcWebp":"/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/58556/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/61e93/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.webp 200w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/1f5c5/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.webp 400w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/58556/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.webp 800w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/99238/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.webp 1200w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/7c22d/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.webp 1600w,\n/static/ba10ac8919e273d1d544e5f6cbec31ec/b6f33/006181ea9de0f4aab2f5e212953f3503.webp 3500w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2724-markdown","title":"How Do SSRIs & Other Drug Types Interact With Cannabis?","slug":"how-do-ssris-and-other-drug-types-interact-with-cannabis","content":"Cannabis has an abundance of healing properties. So many, in fact, that some people are able to reduce their use of many prescription medications while consuming cannabis. But it’s important to keep in mind that cannabis can interact with more than 600 prescription drugs. Here’s a look at how—and why—[cannabis can affect the way your body responds](https://doh.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/doh/publication/attachments/Medical%20Cannabis%20Adverse%20Effects%20and%20Drug%20Interactions_0.pdf) to some of today’s most commonly prescribed drugs.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### Prescription Medications & Marijuana Can Activate the Same Neural Processes\n\nCannabis has two main pathways for interacting with other kinds of medications—the body’s system of natural endocannabinoid receptors, and the liver. In the liver, cannabis affects a specific family of liver enzymes responsible for metabolizing medications and other kinds of chemicals.\n\nBut cannabis’s effects on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) can explain why many people are able to cut back on their use of some prescription medications—or eliminate them altogether.  This far-flung system consists of receptors found in many areas of the brain, organs and tissues. These receptors are activated by cannabinoids produced by the body itself and by the very similar ones contained in cannabis.  \n\nMany medications work by targeting specific neural pathways in the brain and other parts of the body. Cannabinoids work the same way. These cannabis compounds can bind to endocannabinoid receptors in the same areas, so that they trigger the same responses in the brain as the pharmaceuticals do. \n\nRELATED: [WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU MIX CANNABIS WITH PRESCRIPTION DRUGS?](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5aea91d6b869a600079658de/what-happens-when-you-mix-cannabis-with-prescription-drugs)\n\nBut because both cannabinoids and certain prescription drugs activate the same or similar neural processes, this creates the potential for an additive effect when both are used together. In that way, cannabis can intensify the effects of the medication. \n\nFor example, benzodiazepine medications like Xanax and Klonopin are sedatives that work by modulating levels of GABA, a brain chemical that calms activity in the central nervous system. These medications can have effects including:\n\n* Drowsiness\n* Impaired motor skills\n* Problems concentrating\n\nBut cannabis can also modulate GABA, which partly accounts for its calming and relaxing properties. Taken together, this combination can cause over-sedation and may intensify problems with coordination and speech.\n\n### Marijuana Influences the Way Medicines Are Metabolized\n\nThe liver is a hard-working organ responsible for metabolizing most medications and other chemicals. For these substances to become bioavailable, they need to be broken down by enzymes in the liver in a process called oxidation. This makes them more water soluble, so that they can enter the bloodstream and eventually be filtered out by the kidneys.\n\nOne set of liver enzymes, collectively called cytochrome P450 (CYP450), is mainly responsible for oxidizing medications. A variety of factors can affect this process. Cannabis is one of the factors that affect the ability of various members of the CP450 family to bio transform medications for use by the body.\n\nEssentially, a complex set of interactions between specific CYP450 enzymes, the drugs that affect them, and what marijuana compounds they respond to, is responsible for the effects of cannabis on a given prescription drug.\n\nThese processes are also affected by other factors including:\n\n* The way a person consumes cannabis\n* How much cannabis someone uses \n* What kind of marijuana a person consumes\n* The patient’s overall health \n\nOther medications can also play a role in how—or whether—cannabis will interact with a particular medication. This can make it difficult to find definitive answers about how marijuana interacts with common prescription drugs.\n\nRelatively little research has been done on the whole question of cannabis-drug interactions, so the exact effects on many drugs are still unknown. But studies on the ECS and the ways medications become bioavailable in the body can provide some insight into how cannabis interacts with frequently prescribed medications.\n\n### Common Prescription Medications & How They Interact With Cannabis \n\n#### CNS Depressants & Marijuana Could Produce Excessive Drowsiness\n\nCentral nervous system depressants (CNS depressants), work by slowing down activity in the central nervous system; this can reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. This class of drugs includes benzodiazepines like Xanax and Valium as well as sleep aids like Ambien and Lunesta. Cannabis can produce similar effects, so that when they’re taken together, [marijuana and CNS depressants can produce excessive drowsiness and unresponsiveness](https://www.pharmacistanswers.com/questions/does-marijuana-interact-with-benzodiazepines), along with impaired thinking and coordination.\n\n#### Cannabis Can Increase Opioids’ Effects\n\nOpioids are a class of powerful pain medications that includes:\n\n* oxycodone\n* Vicodin\n* morphine \n* buprenorphine\n\nCannabinoids bind to many of the same receptor sites in the brain as opioids do, so that many people use cannabis as a way out of taking opioids. But [cannabis can have an additive effect with opioids](https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/755388), so that it can increase effects including drowsiness, impaired coordination and cognition, as well as slurred speech.\n\n#### SSRIs, SNRIs & Marijuana All Boost Serotonin Levels\n\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs like Prozac and Celexa are frequently prescribed to treat depression, anxiety disorders and other mood-related problems. So are serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, or SNRIs, such as Effexor and Cymbalta. These drugs work by boosting levels of serotonin in the brain for a calming effect. Cannabis supports serotonin levels, too, so that in some users who also take SSRIs or SNRIs, it might cause serotonin levels in the brain to fluctuate or rise too high.\n\n#### Beta Blockers With Marijuana Could Drop Blood Pressure Too Low\n\nMany people take beta blocker drugs like Inderal or Lopressor for hypertension and other kinds of cardiovascular problems. These drugs lower blood pressure and heart rate, and so does cannabis. [Marijuana can magnify those effects, causing irregular heartbeat and pushing blood pressure dangerously low](https://herb.co/marijuana/news/west-virginia-leagalizes).\n\nMost drug-cannabis interactions cause relatively minor problems, but more than 100 currently prescribed pharmaceuticals can have potentially severe interactions with cannabis. If you’re consuming cannabis alongside your prescriptions, it’s wise to talk with your doctor about potential issues with taking these very different medications together.\n\nPhoto credit: [oliver.dodd](https://www.flickr.com/people/oliverdodd/)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.  \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3793103448275863,"src":"/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/14b42/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.jpg","srcSet":"/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/f836f/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.jpg 200w,\n/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/2244e/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.jpg 400w,\n/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/14b42/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.jpg 800w,\n/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/0d55d/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.jpg 934w","srcWebp":"/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/58556/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/61e93/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.webp 200w,\n/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/1f5c5/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.webp 400w,\n/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/58556/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.webp 800w,\n/static/07e5d241e13a7042c878e3b68052143d/bf3e5/2bc5acee77fda4cbfcbea9dcd9605654.webp 934w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2715-markdown","title":"Study Shows Medical Marijuana Improves Brain Function","slug":"study-shows-medical-marijuana-improves-brain-function","content":"We’ve all heard the saying that consuming marijuana will kill brain cells and make you stupid. But what does the science actually say? What happens to the brain when we consume cannabis? \n\nDespite the fact that more and more people are consuming marijuana to treat medical conditions, a group of researchers noticed that most of the studies on cannabis and brain function have been performed on recreational cannabis consumers and/or teens. But what about adults using a carefully considered regimen of cannabis to treat specific medical conditions? Researchers decided to make medical marijuana patients the focus of their study. And the results may surprise you.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### How Researchers Tracked Brain Function in Medical Marijuana Patients\n\nThe results of the study, which was performed in Massachusetts, were released in early 2018. Researchers looked at [brain activation and cognitive function in medical marijuana patients](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2017.00983/full). Participants completed cognitive tests while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before starting a medical marijuana regimen. They were then reassessed with those same tests three months later. \n\nScientists wanted to look at task-related brain activity specifically. So, they had the subjects complete various multi-source interference tests (MSIT). Examples of MSITs are:\n* Presenting subjects with three numbers, two of which are the same. Participants are directed to identify the one different number by pressing a button. The test administrators switch up the different number by sometimes making it greater or smaller than the other two. Or sometimes they place the numbers in a different order. They then record the subject’s reaction time when identifying the odd number out. \n\n* Showing participants a color name that’s written in the ink of another color. Researchers ask the subjects to name the ink color, but not the color name. Researchers record how often subjects correctly complete the task.  \n\nBy also using fMRI, the researchers could view what parts of the brain were engaged and when they were completing these kinds of cognitive tests.\n\nIt’s important to note that the study had a relatively small sample size of 22 patients—11 men and 11 women between the ages of 28–74. The participants were using whole-plant medical marijuana products to treat:\n\n* Pain\n* Anxiety\n* PTSD\n* Sleep\n* Mood\n* Gastrointestinal issues\n* Attention difficulty\n\nThe subjects consumed medical marijuana an average of nearly 5.5 days a week, almost twice a day for a total average of just over 10 times a week. They consumed the plant in almost every way possible including smoking and vaporizing flower, ingesting tinctures and edibles, and applying topicals. \n\n### Medicinal Cannabis Consumers Showed Improved Cognitive Function After 3 Months\n\nAfter three months, researchers not only saw that the participants’ performance in MSITs improved, but that their brain activation patterns were different. Researchers specifically cited the patterns in the cingulate cortex and frontal regions. These parts of the brain control things like:\n\n* Emotional responses\n* Memory recall\n* Problem solving\n* Language\n* Awareness and attention\n* Cognitive skills\n\nThe study also noted that the brain activation patterns after three months of medical marijuana use closely resembled those of healthy control subjects from other studies—even more so than the subjects’ own pre-medical marijuana treatment patterns. What this means is that medical marijuana has the potential to normalize brain function.\n\n### Patients Report Additional Benefits With Medical Marijuana Consumption \n\nBesides the improvement in executive function measures (things like planning and organizing, multitasking and managing time), the subjects reported improvements in the following areas:\n\n* Sleep\n* Depression\n* Quality of life\n* Impulsivity\n* Energy\n\nThese improvements were noted when subjects compared their current state against how they were before they started consuming medical marijuana\n\nRELATED: [HOW CANNABIS WORKS TO PROTECT & REPAIR THE BRAIN](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5ab9cf3cf24d1300077ccb9f/how-cannabis-works-to-protect-and-repair-the-brain)\n\n### Was Cannabis the Only Reason for Improved Brain Function?\n\nStudy participants improved in other health-related measurements, and they were also able to take fewer prescription medications. The study specifically names opioids, antidepressants, mood stabilizers and benzodiazepines as drug classes that subjects were able to decrease during the three month-long study. \n\nResearchers did note that the improved brain function might not solely be due to cannabis, but also to the decreased consumption in prescription medications—especially since drugs like [mood stabilizers can interfere with cognitive processing](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16106488). That said, researchers say more studies are needed. \n\n### The Difference Between Medical & Recreational Marijuana Consumption\n\nIt’s worth noting again that this study looked at medical marijuana patients, not recreational cannabis users. When studied, recreational consumers—adults and adolescents—have shown a decrease in MSIT scores in various areas such as:\n\n* Attention\n* Processing speed\n* Executive function \n\nOf course, there are differences in the types and amounts of cannabis that medical patients consume versus those that recreational users ingest. Recreational consumers usually go for cannabis high in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to feel its psychoactive effects. Medical marijuana patients may choose high-THC products as well, but they also typically consume marijuana rich in CBD for its anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic, or anxiety-reducing, properties. \n\nThat’s not to say that consuming THC will make you unable to think clearly. In fact, one study found that [a large amount of CBD administered before ingesting THC improved cognitive function](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=19924114 ). That same study concluded that THC and CBD affect cognitive brain function in opposite ways. Meanwhile, another study found that consuming cannabis containing high levels of CBD along with THC [prevented any problems with memory](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=20884951).\n\n### Federal Marijuana Laws Impose Restrictions on the Study\n\nResearchers in the 2018 Massachusetts study also noted that it was up to the subjects to choose and administer their own cannabis products and regimen. Unfortunately, because marijuana is illegal federally, limiting the plant’s accessibility for research purposes, the team had little control over this aspect of the study. Marijuana researchers can only get supplies from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and their cannabis offering doesn’t have the variety of products, strains and cannabinoid percentages that patients need—and that researchers are interested in studying.\n\nHopefully, this study inspires other researchers to look into how we’re affected when consuming marijuana for medical purposes. Studies like this go a long way towards busting the myth that all people who consume cannabis are dazed and confused as a result of ingesting marijuana. It’s also powerful proof that marijuana can be medicine, and that the plant can be a useful tool in fighting the opioid crisis. \n\nPhoto credit: [Alvaro Reyes](https://unsplash.com/@alvaroreyes)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.  \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3888888888888888,"src":"/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/14b42/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.jpg","srcSet":"/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/f836f/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.jpg 200w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/2244e/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.jpg 400w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/14b42/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.jpg 800w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/47498/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.jpg 1200w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/0e329/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.jpg 1600w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/3e38a/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.jpg 3622w","srcWebp":"/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/58556/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/61e93/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.webp 200w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/1f5c5/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.webp 400w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/58556/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.webp 800w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/99238/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.webp 1200w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/7c22d/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.webp 1600w,\n/static/94d9649e3142ea62ee9c69216967dfcf/7280a/8a422501de60ed87e022289d29a8ef7e.webp 3622w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2700-markdown","title":"The International Community Leads the Way on Cannabis Research ","slug":"the-international-community-leads-the-way-on-cannabis-research","content":"Despite the wave of [marijuana legalization slowly spreading across the United States](http://www.businessinsider.com/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1), federal prohibition still prevents substantive medical research. Until cannabis is federally legal, two things will continue to happen: Scientists based in the U.S. won’t have access to clean, regulated cannabis on which to perform any studies. And the regulatory agencies who support and validate medical research in the States can’t recognize cannabis as a medical option. \n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\nWhile self-experimentation has become a cultural rite of passage for marijuana, it’s a problematic situation for serious medical patients. More and more Americans are finding relief from a range of medical conditions with cannabis.\n\nBut patients with debilitating and life-threatening diseases along with their doctors desperately want to see substantive research. This means peer-reviewed clinical studies, not just small sample, self-reported data or anecdotal stories.\n\nIn the absence of FDA-backed studies, many other countries have taken up the mantle, particularly Israel, Canada, Australia, Greece and Spain. Researchers in these countries are helping to progress the scientific understanding of cannabis as medicine for the international community. \n\nRELATED: [BALTIMORE RAVENS PLAYER DONATES TO MARIJUANA RESEARCH](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/573e2b607a1e17000800009b/baltimore-ravens-player-donates-to-marijuana-research)\n\n### Countries Leading Medical Research on Cannabis: Israel, Canada & Australia\n\n #### Marijuana Research Started in Israel\n\nIsrael is considered by many to be the world leader in cannabis research. Knowledge of the plant is rooted in the nation’s cultural history, where it’s been reputedly used for thousands of years. \n\nIn 1964, Dr. Raphael Mechoulam isolated the first cannabinoid, which we know well today as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Twenty years later, Dr. Mechoulam was the first researcher to identify the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a crucial development in understanding how cannabis interacts with the brain and the body. \n\nOften referred to as the father of marijuana research, Dr. Mechoulam is a Holocaust survivor who immigrated to Israel from Bulgaria. He undertook several of his key studies on marijuana while working as a researcher at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot.\n\nWhile there, Dr. Mechoulam procured hashish from Israel’s Ministry of Health to use in his studies. Continuing his career at Hebrew University, where less stringent bureaucratic regulations allowed research to flourish, Dr. Mechoulam has led the world in marijuana research for over 50 years. \n\nIn 2015, filmmaker Zach Klein partnered with the Spanish research foundation, Fundación CANNA, to make [_The Scientist_](http://mechoulamthescientist.com/making-of/), a documentary about Dr. Mechoulam’s life work. In describing the making of _The Scientist_ on their website, the filmmakers write, “Mechoulam has been investigating this compound [cannabis] longer and more thoughtfully than any other scientist. He has unearthed cannabis’s role in treating seizure disorders, schizophrenia and PTSD.” \n\nDr. Mechoulam’s early and important research helped set a precedent for Israel’s progressive regulatory climate for medicinal marijuana research. While recreational marijuana is still illegal in Israel, it was one of the first countries to legalize medicinal-use cannabis in the early 1990s. \n\nToday, 27% of Israelis are marijuana consumers—the highest ratio of users in the world. And registered patients use government-sanctioned cannabis to treat PTSD, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, cancer and chronic pain. \n\n_Tikun Olam_ is a Hebrew phrase that translates to “repair the world.” It’s also the name of an Israeli cannabis brand established as a nonprofit in 2005. Today, Tikun Olam is a global leader in research and development and has developed 230 different cannabis strains to treat specific symptoms and diseases. Claiming to be the only scientifically backed cannabis brand in the United States, [the company’s U.S. website](http://tikunolamusa.com/research/) is a useful resource for published studies on consuming cannabis for a number of chronic diseases.  \n\n #### Canada’s Doctors Agree That Marijuana Research Is Lacking\n\nAfter federally legalizing medical marijuana in 2001, Canada is [widely expected to legalize recreational use marijuana](https://globalnews.ca/news/4102503/government-plans-to-legalize-pot-are-on-track-for-end-of-summer/) some time this year. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau campaigned on the promise of cannabis legalization, and despite recent setbacks from conservative factions of the Canadian government, investors and businesses are gearing up for a robust new industry. \n\nAccording to a study published in the _Canadian Family Physician Journal_ in February, a group of Canadian doctors found that research on medicinal cannabis is profoundly lacking. In the article, _Canadian Family Physician Journal_ editors write, “[Although cannabinoids have been promoted for an array of medical conditions, the evidence base is challenged](http://www.cfp.ca/content/64/2/111) by bias and a lack of high-level research. Two large evidence synopses suggested that only three conditions have an adequate volume of evidence to inform prescribing recommendations: chronic pain, nausea and vomiting, and spasticity.” \n\nIn the same issue, an editorial piece titled, “The Cannabis Paradox” by Roger Ladouceur, argues that the rising prevalence of cannabis consumption in Canada—with an estimated 3.4 million consumers—calls for further research to be conducted. Meanwhile, Health Canada data report that [Canadians registering for medical marijuana have tripled every year since 2015](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5a7ddbcaf24d1300077ccb3e/why-are-medical-marijuana-patient-registrations-on-the-rise). \n\nIn a positive step, earlier this year the Canadian government [pledged $1.4 million towards research into the health and societal impacts of marijuana legalization](https://globalnews.ca/news/3984777/marijuana-research-projects-federal-funding/). At least the government acknowledges the importance of sound scientific data when it comes to cannabis and how it impacts its citizens. \n\n#### Australia’s New to the Industry, But Sees the Importance of Cannabis Research\n\nIn 2017, the Australian government announced that it would award the [Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence](https://www.australiancannabinoidresearch.com.au) (ACRE) a 2.5 million dollar grant to coordinate research on medical cannabis. The first federally funded research institution on medical cannabis in Australia, ACRE has brought together a team of over 20 leading researchers in the fields of pharmacology, clinical psychology, plant science, public health and economics to lead the center. \n\nIn a story published by Australia’s ABC News, ACRE’s head doctor, [Professor Nadia Solowij, explains the need for research in a nation where cannabis use is surging](http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-12/medicinal-cannabis-research-centre/9043274)—but without regulatory process or medical supervision. In addition to fears over misuse, medical patients who benefit from cannabis have faced prohibitively high costs; many are forced to use the black market for affordable options.\n\nDespite only having legalized medical marijuana in 2016, Australia’s top officials hope to make the medical cannabis industry a robust sector of the nation’s economy. In January, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull stated that Australia would be the world’s leading supplier of the drug. Yet, as reported by _The New York Times_ in February, [only 350 Australians have been approved to use cannabis legally](http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-12/medicinal-cannabis-research-centre/9043274). \n\n[Lindsay Carter](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/11/world/australia/medical-marijuana-cannabis-lindsay-carter.html) is a 19-year-old Australian who has suffered from epilepsy since age 14; recently, Lindsay was diagnosed with a brain tumor. Lindsay and his mother have taken four international trips to obtain the cannabis oil that Lindsay vaporizes. This is the only medication that provides relief from his severe symptoms. Within the current medical model, obtaining legal cannabis within Australia would cost the Carter family nearly $30,000 a year—if even available.\n\nAustralian officials hope that the progress of medical research will match a reduction in red tape for Australian patients who want to obtain cannabis as medicine. In the coming months and years, look to ACRE and [Medical Cannabis Research Australia](http://www.mcra.org.au/research.html) for key medical studies on the various uses of medical cannabis.\n\n### When it Comes to Legalizing Cannabis Federally, The Tide Is Finally Changing In the U.S. \n\nThere are rumblings from the U.S. government about national cannabis legalization. Sen. Cory Booker (D-NJ) and Reps. Barbara Lee (D-CA13) and Ro Khanna (D-CA17) introduced companion bills into the House and Senate called the Marijuana Justice Act, which would legalize cannabis throughout the country.\n\nSenate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) also announced he would introduce his own bill that would decriminalize cannabis on the federal level. Not only would such a change have repercussions for our criminal justice system, but it would also hopefully free up the many scientists who want to study the plant but can’t because it’s federally illegal. With more solid science behind the plant’s uses, we can only predict that more people will finally be able to access its incredible healing powers. \n\nPhoto credit: [chuttersnap](https://unsplash.com/@chuttersnap)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101]( https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.  \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3793103448275863,"src":"/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/14b42/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.jpg","srcSet":"/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/f836f/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.jpg 200w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/2244e/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.jpg 400w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/14b42/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.jpg 800w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/47498/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.jpg 1200w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/0e329/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.jpg 1600w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/df038/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.jpg 3670w","srcWebp":"/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/58556/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/61e93/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.webp 200w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/1f5c5/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.webp 400w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/58556/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.webp 800w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/99238/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.webp 1200w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/7c22d/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.webp 1600w,\n/static/979512a1cde83a7222b9b215921e40bc/9122a/1b63bcc3996f3d677e7068c20f7fc13c.webp 3670w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2697-markdown","title":"Does Cannabis Cause or Prevent Memory Loss?","slug":"does-cannabis-cause-or-prevent-memory-loss","content":"Anti-drug campaigns warn that marijuana causes memory loss, especially in young consumers. But some studies suggest that cannabis can protect the brain against the memory deficits caused by Alzheimer’s disease. Many people who consume cannabis also say that it promotes better concentration and focus. So, which is true—does cannabis improve or impede memory?\n\nAfter [decades of intensive research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931635/)\non the effects of cannabis consumption on memory, the answer to that question is that it can do both—or neither. Marijuana’s effects on memory are complex and contradictory. The picture is complicated by variations in study methods, and by the many different processes that make up what we call memory.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### Memory Engages Many Parts of the Brain\n\nMemory is usually understood as the ability to recall past events or information. But the processes that make this possible are distributed throughout the brain and involve input from many different neural pathways. Since memory involves processing and storing input we receive from multiple sources, those various pathways are activated depending on the nature of the incoming information. Information received through the sense of smell, for example, is processed differently than information that’s seen or heard.  \n\nIn general, memory is a four-step process that includes receiving, processing, learning and storing information. But [many different areas of the brain activate](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16888995_Cannabis_Effects_on_memory_and_the cholinergic_limbic_system) in order to do that, including the:\n\n* Hippocampus\n* Limbic system\n* Hypothalamus \n* Prefrontal cortex \n\nResearch has defined several different types of memory arising from activity in those areas, such as short- and long-term memory, visual, spatial and verbal memory. There are even other types of memory that are combinations of these, such as spatiovisual memory. \n\nThere’s also a special category for executive functions—the combination of learning, memory and cognitive processing. This all takes place in the prefrontal cortex that lets us make decisions, choose between options and evaluate situations.\n\nAreas of the brain most responsible for memory are rich in the endocannabinoid receptor CB1, too. And this accounts for the many different effects cannabis can have on memory processes.\n\nRELATED: [HOW CANNABIS WORKS TO REPAIR AND PROTECT THE BRAIN](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5ab9cf3cf24d1300077ccb9f/how-cannabis-works-to-protect-and-repair-the-brain)\n\n### THC Can Contribute to Memory Loss\n\nFor decades, marijuana has been blamed for killing brain cells and causing consumers to go through life stoned and stupid. While that’s an exaggeration, numerous studies do show that cannabis, especially strains high in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), [can cause short-term memory](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314065.php). THC binds to CB1 receptors in the brain that are responsible not only for mood, but also for memory and cognition. This explains the short-term memory deficits that can go along with being high.\n\nThese memory problems usually resolve themselves once cannabis is processed out of the body. But the effects can linger because various cannabis compounds are metabolized at different rates. So anyone who consumes marijuana very frequently or heavily can appear to be having long-term or permanent memory problems, when it’s more likely that THC hasn’t yet been flushed from the body.  \n\nMemory deficits from cannabis may be largely transitory, but a growing body of research does confirm that teen cannabis users are at greater risk for memory loss that persists. That’s because the human brain is still developing until the age of 25 or so. As well, teen brains are in many ways very different from adult brains. Among teens, high-THC strains of cannabis can affect the connectivity among these developing neural networks, so that they don’t have the opportunity to mature normally.\n\n### CBD Can Protect Memory-Related Brain Cells\n\nCannabidiol (CBD), the other compound found abundantly in cannabis, has little to no psychoactive effects. CBD affects immune-related processes and cell health, so that it can:\n\n* Reduce inflammation\n* Ease pain\n* Promote the growth of healthy cells\n\nCannabis has potent properties as a neuroprotectant, and CBD is largely the reason. CBD can support the growth of healthy nerve cells, but also [slow or prevent the development of abnormal cells and other toxic substances](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024327).  \n\nBecause CBD protects nerve cells, it can help relieve symptoms of progressive neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease. Some studies have shown that for the same reasons, it can protect the brain’s memory pathways from damage caused by beta-amyloid plaque—[the sticky protein believed to be the cause of Alzheimer’s disease](https://www.alzheimers.net/6-15-15-effects-of-medical-marijuana-on-alzheimers/). Other research reveals that marijuana products high in CBD may also help to protect and support memory functions after traumatic brain injury or stroke. In people who don’t have these conditions, high-CBD cannabis may also help with concentration and focus.\n\n### Making Sense of the Studies on Marijuana & Memory\n\nOne reason that it’s difficult to come to a definitive answer about the effects of cannabis on memory is that much of the research itself produces ambiguous results. Because memory encompasses so many different functions and areas of the brain, different studies base their results on different kinds of tests.\n\nWhile one team may ask volunteers to take a verbal memory test such as reciting back words they’ve memorized, another might ask study subjects to recall details in a picture. These tasks activate a completely different memory pathway.  \n\nMost research also relies on self-reporting from subjects about how—and how much—marijuana they consume. And those reports may not be accurate or consistent. Variations in things like an individual’s overall health and even the number of cannabinoid receptors they have can also play a role in how cannabis affects memory. \n\nThe effects of marijuana on memory have been studied intensively for several years, with widely varying results. But because cannabis can affect all kinds of processes in the body, it’s clear that it can affect memory, too—in both positive and negative ways.\n\nPhoto credit: [Michael](https://www.flickr.com/people/helloturkeytoe/)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, efficient and 100% online.  \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3793103448275863,"src":"/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/14b42/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.jpg","srcSet":"/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/f836f/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.jpg 200w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/2244e/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.jpg 400w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/14b42/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.jpg 800w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/47498/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.jpg 1200w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/0e329/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.jpg 1600w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/b160c/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.jpg 2686w","srcWebp":"/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/58556/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/61e93/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.webp 200w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/1f5c5/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.webp 400w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/58556/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.webp 800w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/99238/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.webp 1200w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/7c22d/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.webp 1600w,\n/static/815f6fc4640e03ddfc19ba035213652e/13bf9/16b81defe00dc4f78a6c59176ff6c5ff.webp 2686w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2693-markdown","title":"Is It Really True That Marijuana Makes You Dumb?","slug":"is-it-really-true-that-marijuana-makes-you-dumb","content":"From _Fast Times at Ridgemont High_ to _Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle_, the stereotype of the stupid stoner has featured prominently in the media over the past several decades. But is there any truth to this portrayal? Does consuming marijuana make you dumb? The short answer is: no, not really.\n\nIn a study published last month in _JAMA Psychiatry_, University of Pennsylvania researchers found that a small reduction in cognitive functioning occurred in individuals who reported frequent marijuana use. However, those who abstained from cannabis for more than three days registered no significant change in memory, judgment or rational thinking.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\nThe study’s findings are based on a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of 69 studies conducted over the past 45 or so years involving adolescents and young adults. These cross-sectional studies included 2,152 frequent or heavy cannabis consumers along with 6,575 control subjects.\n\n### Previous Studies Showing Decline in IQ Due to Cannabis Are Off the Mark\n\nIn regard to the small reduction in cognitive functioning, researchers noted that it “may be of questionable clinical importance for most individuals. [R]esults indicate that previous studies of cannabis youth may have overstated the magnitude and persistence of cognitive deficits associated with marijuana use.”\n\nThose previous studies include a 2012 Duke University study comparing the IQs of individuals spanning the ages between 13 and 38; it concluded that heavy cannabis intake during adolescence and early adulthood was to blame for lowered IQs. That study has since been debunked as it didn’t take into account other key factors such as existence of trauma or abuse.\n\nRELATED: [DOES SMOKING MARIJUANA MAKE YOU STUPID?](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56d69af2a6d8a5000c00002c/does-smoking-marijuana-make-you-stupid)\n\n### Why Does Abstinence Bring the Cognitive Loss From Heavy Cannabis Intake to Zero?\n\nHelloMD’s Chief Medical Officer [Perry Solomon](https://www.hellomd.com/people/54cc02df6465320003000000/Perry%20Solomon,%20MD), M.D., echoes the researchers’ conclusions, by saying, “It’s interesting that, in fact, the study did show a small but significant overall decline in cognitive function, though this may not bear much weight. The more interesting part of the study is that abstinence lasting longer than 72 hours brings the loss [in cognitive function] to zero.”\n\nHe adds, “We need further studies to figure out why cognitive decline is negligible with abstinence. Does the effect of cannabis wear off, or is it due to some regenerative healing that results in no cognitive loss?”\n\nIndeed, additional research is needed to better understand exactly how cannabis interacts with and influences multiple systems in the body, including in the brain. So far, the preliminary research is proving to be promising. When it comes to marijuana’s therapeutic effects, they’re varied and abundant—from that of anti-inflammatory and analgesic to neuroprotectant and more.\n\nPhoto credit: [Sharon McCutcheon](https://unsplash.com/@sharonmccutcheon)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.  ","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3605442176870748,"src":"/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/14b42/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.jpg","srcSet":"/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/f836f/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.jpg 200w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/2244e/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.jpg 400w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/14b42/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.jpg 800w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/47498/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.jpg 1200w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/0e329/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.jpg 1600w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/921b0/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.jpg 3593w","srcWebp":"/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/58556/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/61e93/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.webp 200w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/1f5c5/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.webp 400w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/58556/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.webp 800w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/99238/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.webp 1200w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/7c22d/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.webp 1600w,\n/static/09be1a5d44728b404cb836945b718c01/f9cbb/6513a60c00e0042e0e2cf4c9e5cebf20.webp 3593w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2690-markdown","title":"Is Mixing Cannabis & Coffee a Good Idea? ","slug":"is-mixing-cannabis-and-coffee-a-good-idea","content":"How do you start your morning? For so many Americans, the answer is the same: with a hot cup of coffee. We’re a caffeine-loving nation, where [83% of adults drink coffee regularly](https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/04/09/coffee-mania/2069335/).\n\nStill, while a good, old cup of joe is the norm, a new morning trend is emerging—a coffee and cannabis blend. This pairing makes a lot of sense to those who enjoy both regularly: While coffee energizes, cannabis relaxes. People report cannabis mellows out the buzz and jitters that sometimes come with coffee. And it adds something extra, helping them focus even more than with just java alone. \n\nBut what do we really know about this potent combination? New research suggests that these two substances may have unexpected interactions. And instead of complementing each other, coffee and cannabis may actually be working in opposition. \n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### Endocannabinoids: The Coffee & Cannabis Connection \n\nA new study published in the _Journal of Internal Medicine_ [looked more closely at the chemical effects of drinking coffee](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29044854) and found a surprising result. Coffee affects the same system as cannabis does: the endocannabinoid system (ECS). But [marijuana and coffee have opposite effects on the ECS](https://www.livescience.com/62034-coffee-cannabis-opposite.html).\n\n[The ECS is a crucial part of the human body, regulating things like our immune system, mood, memory and perception of pain](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/59b2191f214a9d000dd6a3fe/do-you-have-clinical-endocannabinoid-deficiency). We have natural chemicals in our bodies called endocannabinoids, which activate this system. Natural plant cannabinoids, like many of the compounds found in cannabis, can also activate this system of receptors. \n\nFor patients with endocannabinoid deficiencies, many issues can arise like problems with the immune system, chronic pain conditions or depression and anxiety. For these patients, cannabis can be a life-saver, boosting activation of the ECS and restoring its vital functions. \n\nRELATED: [DO YOU HAVE CLINICAL ENDOCANNABINOID DEFICIENCY?](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/59b2191f214a9d000dd6a3fe/do-you-have-clinical-endocannabinoid-deficiency)\n\nInterestingly, this new study found that coffee also exerts an effect on the ECS. Unfortunately, it’s in the other direction—coffee when consumed in large amounts was found to suppress the body's natural endocannabinoids. \n\nSpecifically, those in the study who drank four to eight cups of coffee per day saw their endocannabinoid levels drop. The specific endocannabinoids that were reduced were consistent with those that decrease during times of stress. \n\nWhile researchers didn’t look at how these chemical changes made participants feel, they hypothesized that the coffee might be leading to increased stress. Whether that stress is a direct result of the endocannabinoid suppression, or the endocannabinoid suppression is a result of the stress, is something that’s still in question. \n\n### Could Coffee Ruin the Positive Affects You Get From Cannabis?  \n \nResearchers are still questioning the implications of this study, as much more research is needed to fully understand the tie between these two substances. Still, they’re hypothesizing that there could be an interaction between coffee and cannabis—but what those effects might be are still unknown. \n\nGiven that drinking several cups of coffee can cause the suppression of endocannabinoids, those consuming cannabis should keep this in mind. It’s entirely possible that drinking coffee with your marijuana might be making the plant less effective. After all, marijuana works by increasing endocannabinoids. This is what provides its positive effects that we know and rely on.\n\nSince coffee can suppress those same endocannabinoids, it’s reasonable to worry that coffee and cannabis might be working against each other. Combining the two may decrease cannabis’s positive effects, or it could mean you need much more of the plant to create the same effects.\n\nIt’s also important to understand coffee’s suppressive role on the ECS if you’re consuming cannabis medicinally. If you already have symptoms or conditions that respond well to cannabis, it’s likely that you’re one of those who already has an underactive ECS. Drinking a lot of coffee could cause further problems by suppressing your endocannabinoids even more. \n\nOn the other hand, if you’re a big coffee drinker and don’t see yourself giving up your brew any time soon, adding cannabis to the mix could potentially help fight against the low endocannabinoid levels caused by your coffee habit. This may help ease the heightened stress response that’s all too common among coffee drinkers. \n\nWhile all of these possibilities make sense with what we know, chemical interactions are complicated. More research needs to be done to fully understand the possibilities. Until we look at what happens in the human body when these two substances are actually taken together, we can’t say for sure how they will interact. \n\nOne thing we do know is that coffee and cannabis can have opposite effects on the ECS. If you’re combining the two, proceed with caution and pay attention to how your coffee/cannabis combination makes you feel so you can tweak it to fit your needs. \n\nPhoto credit: [Nathan Dumlao]( https://unsplash.com/@nate_dumlao)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101]( https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.\n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3888888888888888,"src":"/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/14b42/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.jpg","srcSet":"/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/f836f/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.jpg 200w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/2244e/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.jpg 400w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/14b42/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.jpg 800w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/47498/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.jpg 1200w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/0e329/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.jpg 1600w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/017f4/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.jpg 3630w","srcWebp":"/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/58556/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/61e93/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.webp 200w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/1f5c5/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.webp 400w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/58556/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.webp 800w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/99238/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.webp 1200w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/7c22d/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.webp 1600w,\n/static/1c1acb8ad28194192997adafffd6092c/ef33f/873d4b6cab42094335b9ba6037169405.webp 3630w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2681-markdown","title":"What Happens When You Mix Cannabis With Prescription Drugs?","slug":"what-happens-when-you-mix-cannabis-with-prescription-drugs","content":"Cannabis has a long list of healing properties. That’s why many people report reducing their use of some prescription medications while consuming marijuana. But if you’re taking cannabis alongside standard pharmaceuticals, it’s important to remember that [cannabis can interact with more than 600 prescription drugs](https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/cannabis.html). This happens because of marijuana’s effects on a key set of liver enzymes that break down medications to make them available to the body and brain.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### Why Is Cannabis Such Effective Medicine? \n\nResearch has revealed—and many consumers confirm—that cannabis can affect all kinds of processes in the body from relieving pain to fighting inflammation. This is because cannabinoids in the cannabis plant interact with the receptors in the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). These ECS receptors are found in our organs, tissues, brain and central nervous system. Cannabis triggers their activity in the same way as the natural cannabinoids produced by the body do.  \n\nIn conventional medicine, health conditions are typically treated by an array of very different drugs, each targeted to a specific process and a certain set of symptoms. For example, a person might take one medication for depression, another to relieve arthritis pain and a third for migraines.\n\nBut cannabis can relieve symptoms of all of these conditions. Because ECS receptors are in so many different parts of the body, marijuana can mimic results similar to a variety of prescription medications. People are starting to see that cannabis has similar effects to that of opioid painkillers, antidepressants, sleep aids and anti-anxiety drugs—but without many of the harmful side effects that these pharmaceuticals can produce.  \n\n\nRELATED: [CAN MARIJUANA HELP SOLVE THE HEROIN & PRESCRIPTION OPIOID CRISIS?](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56d1f49c96c1a70008000011/can-marijuana-help-solve-the-heroin-and-prescription-opioid-crisis)\n\n ### How Marijuana Affects the Breakdown of Chemicals in the Liver\n\nTo understand how medications and cannabis interact, we have to look to the liver. Medications and other kinds of chemicals including alcohol, herbs and supplements are metabolized, or broken down, through the liver.\n\nOne aspect of this breakdown involves oxidation by liver enzymes. This is a process that makes these substances more water-soluble, so that the kidneys can filter them out more quickly. Marijuana can affect the behavior of these liver enzymes, which work hard to make medications bioavailable in the right amount and at the right time. \n \nAlthough it’s a complex process, one set of liver enzymes, collectively called Cytochrome P450, is mainly responsible for the oxidation of medications and other chemicals. And at least four of the [enzymes in the CYP450 family are known to be affected by cannabis](https://www.projectcbd.org/science/cannabis-pharmacology/cbd-drug-interactions-role-cytochrome-p450). The complex relationship between cannabis and the human body plays out in the ways cannabis either reduces or increases the activity of each of these liver enzymes. \n\nWhen cannabis inhibits the activity of a liver enzyme, it reduces the enzyme’s ability to oxidize certain chemicals. This means that higher levels of these chemicals enter the bloodstream and cause more intense effects. But when cannabis increases an enzyme’s activity, it boosts the enzyme’s ability to oxidize a chemical. In so doing, more of the chemical is processed out and less is released into the bloodstream, thereby weakening its effects. \n\nTo add to the complexity, not only do the enzymes in this group react to various chemicals differently in the presence of cannabis, they’re also responsible for metabolizing cannabis itself. This means that the various enzymes in this group act differently on cannabis compounds like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), too. \n\n### THC, CBD, Liver Enzymes & How They all Work Together\n\nThe CYP450 enzymes that interact with cannabis include: \n\n* **CYP1A2:** Smoking cannabis increases the activity of the CYPIA2 enzyme, which lowers the amount of medications, including lidocaine and melatonin, released into the bloodstream.\n\n* **CYP3A4:** This enzyme is one of two known to affect the metabolism of THC and CBD. In the presence of several drugs including ketoconazole, an antifungal agent, CYP3A4 reduces the expression of THC, so that less of the cannabinoid is released into the bloodstream. But when a person takes medications such as the antibiotic rifampin along with cannabis, this enzyme increases the levels of THC in the blood.\n\n* **CYP2C9 & CYP2C19:** CYP2C9 metabolizes THC, while CYP2C19 breaks down CBD. In the presence of cannabis, these enzymes boost the activity of numerous drugs including rifampin, the antipsychotic carbamazepine as well as the class of sedative drugs called barbiturates. That said, these enzymes inhibit the effect of many medications including the antifungal fluconazole and a variety of antibiotics and anti-inflammatories when taken with cannabis in your system.\n\nIt’s clear that all of these substances influence each other in unique and delicate ways. Compounding all of this is the fact that cannabis’s effects can vary tremendously depending on consumption method, a user’s weight and health, and even the unique makeup of each individual’s ECS. \n\nThe list of medications that interact with cannabis is a long one, and cannabis can replace or reduce the need for more than a few. But the nature of those interactions can sometimes be hard to predict. If you’re at all concerned with how one of your medications interacts with cannabis, be sure to consult with your doctor.\n\nPhoto credit: [Joshua Coleman](https://unsplash.com/@joshstyle)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.  \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3888888888888888,"src":"/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/14b42/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.jpg","srcSet":"/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/f836f/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.jpg 200w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/2244e/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.jpg 400w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/14b42/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.jpg 800w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/47498/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.jpg 1200w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/0e329/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.jpg 1600w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/017f4/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.jpg 3630w","srcWebp":"/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/58556/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/61e93/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.webp 200w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/1f5c5/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.webp 400w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/58556/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.webp 800w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/99238/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.webp 1200w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/7c22d/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.webp 1600w,\n/static/583f1201e6a0d5cc8e579ca92d69c7ee/ef33f/c05dce7fbe6e43f96d08eb375d10eb0d.webp 3630w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2677-markdown","title":"Aromatherapy: Is Smelling Cannabis Enough to Reap Its Benefits? ","slug":"aromatherapy-is-smelling-cannabis-enough-to-reap-its-benefits","content":"Smoking, vaping or eating a favorite edible are the most common ways to get the medicinal and recreational benefits of cannabis. But can you use your other senses to consume marijuana? It may sound far-fetched, but there are proven benefits from smelling cannabis—specifically inhaling the plant’s aromatic and flavorful terpenes. \n\nPeople who practice aromatherapy are already familiar with the concept. Aromatherapy is the ancient practice of healing with the scents of essential oils—and essential oils are made from terpenes. The olfactory system and parts of the brain that respond to scent are rich in natural cannabinoid receptors. So, yes, you can inhale cannabis-infused essential oils for some of the same benefits—like relaxation, focus and overall health—you gain from the more common ways of consuming marijuana.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### What Is Aromatherapy & How Do Essential Oils Help?\n\nToday, aromatherapy is usually classified as an alternative therapy. Its mystical, New Age overtones make many people skeptical of its potential for healing. But the use of essential oils to make people feel better has been going on for at least 6,000 years in cultures all around the globe. In the [practice of aromatherapy](https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10884.php), essential oils are inhaled, diffused into the air or used topically. \n\nThe essential oils used in aromatherapy are extracted from a wide variety of plants such as lavender, rosemary or clove. The oils are primarily made up of terpenes, oily compounds responsible for the distinctive flavors and scents of many plants and flowers.\n\nMost plants have a terpene profile that consists of only one or two primary terpenes, which create their distinctive scents. But the cannabis plant has at least 100 terpenes, which accounts for the great variety in the aroma and flavor of different marijuana strains. And cannabis terpenes can be extracted to make essential oils just as they can be from other kinds of plants. So, essential oils made from cannabis can have significant benefits for the health of both body and mind.\n\nRELATED: [CANNABIS TERPENES PACK A THERAPEUTIC PUNCH](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5a99e9f4f24d1300077ccb6f/cannabis-terpenes-pack-a-therapeutic-punch)\n\n### How Does Aromatherapy Work?\n\n[Aromatherapy actually has some solid science behind it](http://brainworldmagazine.com/aromatherapy-and-the-brain-part-1/). When you sniff something, such as a fruit or a flower, its molecules trigger a response in the olfactory receptors in the nose. Then, olfactory neurons carry signals from those receptors to the olfactory bulb, which begins to process the information about the smell. Special types of cell, called mitral cells, carry signals from the olfactory bulb to an area of the brain called the olfactory cortex. It’s the olfactory cortex that allows you to perceive and recognize that particular smell and distinguish it from all others.\n\nBut the olfactory response doesn’t stop there. Those mitral cells that take signals from the nose to the olfactory cortex also carry those signals to other parts of the brain. In particular, they carry the signals to the limbic system, an area of the brain associated with functions like heart rate, breathing, stress responses and memory.\n\nSome of those mitral cells also connect directly to the amygdala, an area of the brain that’s strongly related to learning and memory. This can explain why certain smells may trigger overwhelmingly strong memories and associations in just about everyone. Even people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and other kinds of dementia can experience memories brought on by smell.\n\nInhaling essential oils with their distinctive aromas can also trigger this chain of events: By just smelling the oils, the scent of a terpene travels to those highly sensitive areas of the brain responsible for relaxation responses, mood and even pain. That’s how aromatherapy can: \n\n* Uplift mood\n* Ease stress\n* Promote calm and relaxation\n\n### Cannabinoids & the Sense of Smell\n\nEssential oils of all kinds trigger responses in the olfactory system, which in turn activate the limbic system and the amygdala in the brain. But essential oils containing cannabis compounds are capable of much more, thanks to the endocannabinoid system (ECS).\n\nThe ECS is a wide network of receptors found throughout the body and brain. These receptors respond to cannabis compounds in the same way as they do to natural cannabinoids produced by the body itself. This explains why cannabis can have benefits for so many different health conditions.\n\nFrom the nose to the brain, [the olfactory system is rich in cannabinoid receptors](http://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/10/2313), especially the receptor CB1. This receptor responds both to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component in cannabis, and cannabidiol (CBD). CBD triggers a number of processes that keep the body in balance and support the immune system and other healing responses.   \n\nWhen an essential oil containing cannabis or cannabis terpenes is inhaled, its molecules bind to those receptors. Because the [limbic system and the amygdala also contain CB1 receptors](https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.3647), a cannabis-infused essential oil can trigger some of the same responses that come from consuming cannabis in other ways. \n\n### Using Cannabis Oils in Aromatherapy\n\nYou can experience [many benefits from aromatherapy with cannabis oils](https://remedygrove.com/traditional/Cannabis-flower-oil-health-aromatherapy-cannabis-flower-essential-oil) such as:\n\n* Calm\n* Relaxation\n* Renewed energy\n* Skin health\n* Focus\n* Headache relief\n\nFor the purposes of aromatherapy, [cannabis oil can refer to any of several different kinds of cannabis extracts](https://www.hlbenefits.com/cbd-oil-vs-cannabis-oil-vs-thc-oil-vs-marijuana-oil/). You could go for an extract of a specific terpene like [limonene](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5a8e1261f24d1300077ccb5b/know-your-cannabis-terpenes-limonene) or [linalool](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5ab482e6f24d1300077ccb99/know-your-cannabis-terpenes-linalool). You can also choose a pure CBD oil with very little to no THC or a cannabis oil with a higher THC content. Hemp oil, which comes from a strain of cannabis that contains no THC can also be used in aromatherapy. Like other kinds of essential oils, cannabis oils are usually mixed with a carrier oil such as sweet almond or olive oil.\n\nTo inhale the oils, you can:\n\n* Add them to steam pots for inhaling\n* Put them into a diffuser to fill a room with their distinctive scents\n* Spray the oils on a user’s pillow or handkerchief\n* Massage them into the skin\n\nAromatherapy experts warn that essential oils of all kinds can be toxic when ingested. The essential oil itself and the carrier oil can also cause allergic reactions and skin irritation, so users may need to start with small amounts. This includes oils with cannabis compounds, which are often much more concentrated than other products that contain cannabis are.  \n\nThe healing benefits of cannabis come in many forms—including the essential oils used in the ancient practice of aromatherapy. Because cannabis activates not only the olfactory system itself, but the endocannabinoid receptors within that system, essential oils made with cannabis and its terpenes have potent healing powers all their own.\n\nPhoto credit: [Your Best Digs](https://www.flickr.com/people/yourbestdigs/)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online. \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3793103448275863,"src":"/static/a5eefe6730e180e4419168cad40a26e4/261cf/65f37f0db66eac0740ba98dd9be285b1.jpg","srcSet":"/static/a5eefe6730e180e4419168cad40a26e4/f836f/65f37f0db66eac0740ba98dd9be285b1.jpg 200w,\n/static/a5eefe6730e180e4419168cad40a26e4/2244e/65f37f0db66eac0740ba98dd9be285b1.jpg 400w,\n/static/a5eefe6730e180e4419168cad40a26e4/261cf/65f37f0db66eac0740ba98dd9be285b1.jpg 685w","srcWebp":"/static/a5eefe6730e180e4419168cad40a26e4/62dd6/65f37f0db66eac0740ba98dd9be285b1.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/a5eefe6730e180e4419168cad40a26e4/61e93/65f37f0db66eac0740ba98dd9be285b1.webp 200w,\n/static/a5eefe6730e180e4419168cad40a26e4/1f5c5/65f37f0db66eac0740ba98dd9be285b1.webp 400w,\n/static/a5eefe6730e180e4419168cad40a26e4/62dd6/65f37f0db66eac0740ba98dd9be285b1.webp 685w","sizes":"(max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px"}}}}}]}},"pageContext":{"limit":12,"skip":12,"numPages":9,"currentPage":2,"id":5724,"name":"Science & Research","slug":"science-and-research","country":"US"}},"staticQueryHashes":["3949754563","4179947113","4202924991"]}